Feed additive composition for ruminants and method of producing the same

ABSTRACT

A food additive composition for ruminants of the dispersion type and a method of continuously producing the same. This food additive composition for ruminants, which contains 40% by weight or more but less than 65% by weight of a basic amino acid and has rumen bypass properties, is formulated into granules in an arbitrary shape which are scarcely classified when added to a silage or another feed. Thus, attempts have been made to develop a method of producing granules by which the milk yield of a lactation cow can be increased. Namely, it is intended to provide a food additive composition for ruminants which contains at least one protecting agent selected from among a hardened vegetable oil and a hardened animal oil having a melting point higher than 50° C. but lower than 90° C., 0.05 to 6% by weight of lecithin, water and 40% by weight or more but less than 65% by weight of a basic amino acid. It is also intended to provide a method of producing a food additive composition for ruminants characterized by comprising solidifying a molten mixture, which comprises at least one protecting agent selected from among a hardened vegetable oil and a hardened animal oil having a melting point higher than 50° C. but lower than 90° C., lecithin and a basic amino acid, by dipping in water.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of International PatentApplication No. PCT/JP2007/001088, filed on Oct. 4, 2007, and claimspriority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-273330, filed on Oct.4, 2006, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-354771, filed on Dec.28, 2006, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to feed additive compositions forruminants, in particular, feed additive compositions for ruminants whichare capable of bypassing the rumen in lactating cows. The presentinvention also relates to methods of producing the same. The presentinvention further relates to methods of raising ruminants and methods ofmaking products derived from ruminants.

2. Discussion of the Background

When ruminants ingest feed, a portion of the nutrients in the feed isexploited as the nutrient sources for microorganisms living together inthe rumen. Therefore, there have been used feed additive preparationsfor ruminants which are not degradable by the rumen juice, whereinnutrients in the preparations are protected with protective agents sothat the nutrients are not exploited by microorganisms when passingthrough the rumen.

The main nutrients that supplement the feed for ruminants as nutrientsare amino acids. The solubility of amino acids varies with the type ofamino acid, and according to the Handbook of Amino acids, published byKogyo Chosakai Publishing Co., Ltd., 2003, the solubilities (g/dl) inwater at 0° C., 20° C., 40° C., and 50° C. for L-lysinemonohydrochloride, which is one of the basic amino acids, are 53.6,(67.0), 95.5, and 111.5, respectively; for L-methionine are 3.0, 4.8,(6.5), and 7.3, respectively; and for L-isoleucine are 3.8, (4.0),(4.5), and 4.8, respectively (the values inside the parentheses areextrapolated values in the solubility curves). As is clearly shown fromthese values, although L-methionine has low solubility in water,L-lysine monohydrochloride is easily soluble in water such that thesolubility is some ten-fold the solubility of L-methionine, and thus iseasily eluted from the preparation to the rumen juice. Therefore, it isan especially important issue to prevent elution of basic amino acids,particularly L-lysine monohydrochloride which is generally used in theform of hydrochloride, to the rumen juice, and exploitation thereof bymicroorganisms.

As one of the feed additive preparations for ruminants in whichnutrients are protected with protective agents, there may be mentioned adispersion type preparation in which the nutrients and protective agentsare kneaded together. However, in the case of dispersion typepreparations, amino acids are partially exposed at the preparationsurface, and thus when the amino acids are in contact with the rumenjuice at pH 6 to 8, the amino acids are prone to be eluted. Therefore,it is difficult to say that prevention of the loss of amino acids in therumen, particularly basic amino acids, is sufficiently accomplished.Furthermore, formulation is carried out using a variety of protectiveagents so as to reduce the loss of amino acids from the preparations,and as a result, a problem arises that the contents of amino acids inthe preparations become relatively scarce. Thus, in general, it isdifficult to produce dispersion type preparations containing amino acidsin an amount exceeding 40% by weight. Also, in order to prevent the lossof amino acids in a dispersion type preparation, there have beendeveloped a coated type preparation formed by using the dispersion typepreparation as a core, and further coating the core with a coating agentto encapsulate the dispersion type preparation. In this preparation,since there is no chance for the amino acids to be exposed at thepreparation surface due to the coating, the amino acids are relativelystable in the rumen juice, but the preparations have a defect in termsof production, such that the production process becomes complicatedcompared to the production process of dispersed type preparations, andthus more processes are needed.

Japanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 49-45224 describesthe production of dispersion type granules having a size of severalmillimeters or less, using a mixture of oils and fats having a meltingpoint of 40° C. or higher and oils and fats having a melting point of40° C. or lower as a protective agent, by dispersing amino acids orpeptides in the mixture, and injecting the mixture into water of 20° C.to 40° C. through nozzles having a diameter of 0.8 to severalmillimeters. Japanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 49-45224also describes the production of granules containing 30 to 40% ofL-methionine or L-isoleucine as the amino acid, which both have lowsolubility in water; however, there is no description on the productionof granules containing L-lysine monohydrochloride, which has highsolubility in water.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2005-312380 describes amethod of producing a dispersion type rumen bypassing agent bysolidifying a mixture containing hardened oil and lecithin as protectiveagents, and saturated or unsaturated fatty acid monocarboxylates having12 to 22 carbon atoms, into spheres having a diameter of 0.5 to 3 mm, byan air prilling method which sprays the mixture into air at aliquefaction temperature of the protective agents, which is from 50 to90° C. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2005-312380 alsodescribes that a rumen bypassing agent containing 40.0% by weight ofL-lysine monohydrochloride can be produced by means of theaforementioned production method. However, in the production methoddescribed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No.2005-312380, it is necessary to use a mixture having low viscosity so asto allow the mixture to pass through the spray nozzles, but on the otherhand, if the content of L-lysine monohydrochloride in the mixtureexceeds 40% by weight, the molten mixture obtains high viscosity, andthus it is difficult to make the mixture to pass through the spraynozzles. Therefore, a preparation containing L-lysine monohydrochlorideat a high content which exceeds 40% by weight cannot be obtained withthe aforementioned method. In fact, Japanese Patent ApplicationLaid-Open (JP-A) No. 2005-312380 does not describe a preparationcontaining L-lysine monohydrochloride at a high content which exceeds40% by weight. Furthermore, although the method described in JapanesePatent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2005-312380 has a featurewherein small spherical granules having a diameter of 3 mm or less witha relatively well established granularity are obtainable, there is adefect that since the granules are small particles, the granules arelikely to escape through dry fodder and be sorted out when mixed intofeedstuff.

JP-A No. 2006-141270 describes that L-lysine monohydrochloride wascoated with a coating composition including (A) hardened oil, (B)lecithin and (C) an antiseptic, and thus a dispersion type rumenbypassing agent for ruminants containing (C) in an amount of 0.01 to2.0% by weight was obtained. Furthermore, in Table 1 of JP-A No.2006-141270, particles containing 37.5% by weight of L-lysinemonohydrochloride are described. However, the method described in JP-ANo. 2006-141270 utilizes the air prilling method which sprays a mixtureinto air with an extruder as in the case of the method described inJapanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2005-312380, andtherefore, an L-lysine monohydrochloride preparation having a contentexceeding 40% by weight cannot be obtained, as discussed in regard tothe method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No.2005-312380. In addition, it is pointed out in Example 1 of JP-A No.2006-141270 that a rumen bypassing agent solidified into spheres of 0.5to 2.0 mm in size was obtained; and it is pointed out in paragraph[0005] of the specification, by citing from JP-A No. 2000-60440, “sincethe particle size is as large as 4 to 15 mm, the particles aresusceptible to disintegration by mastication,” that is, when theparticle size is large, the agent is physically destroyed by cow'smastication, and the rumen bypass effect is decreased; and with regardto the coated type preparation, it is pointed out that “ . . . sincethis rumen bypassing agent is double-coated, there has been a defectthat when the coating at the core surface layer part is destroyed byrumination, mastication or the like, the protective effect is extremelyreduced, or the like.”

Meanwhile, JP-A No. 63-317053 describes a coated type feed additive forruminants, wherein a core containing a biologically active substancecomprised of L-lysine monohydrochloride and other excipients or bindersis coated with at least one selected from fatty acid monocarboxylicacids including lecithin and glycerin fatty acid esters, hardened oils,and beeswax/waxes. The content of L-lysine monohydrochloride in the corewas 65% by weight, but when the coating layer which occupies 20 to 30%by weight in the final preparation is also included, the content ofL-lysine monohydrochloride in the preparation becomes 52 to 39% byweight.

JP-A No. 5-23114 also describes a coated type feed additive compositionfor ruminants, wherein cylindrical granules produced by extruding amixture containing a biologically active substance such as L-lysinemonohydrochloride through a screen are rendered to be spherically shapedand used as a core, and this core is coated with a composition includingone member selected from aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, hardened oils,beeswax and waxes, and lecithin and an inorganic salt which is stableunder neutral conditions and soluble in acidic conditions. JP-A No.5-23114 also describes a preparation containing L-lysinemonohydrochloride in the core in an amount of 50% by weight.

The above-described coated type preparations are indeed advantageous inview of containing large amounts of biologically active ingredients,however, since their production includes first making a core containinga biologically active ingredient, and further coating this core with acoating agent, the production is achieved not in a continuous mode butin a batch mode, therefore, an increase in the number of productionprocesses is unavoidable. Furthermore, in the invention described inJP-A No. 5-23114, when the biologically active substance is exposed atthe surface by the grinding or damage due to mastication of lactatingcows, the resistance to degradation in rumen juice is lowered, and inorder to avoid such lowering, the particle size is controlled to beseveral mm or less, or to 3 mm or less. However, there may be posed aproblem such that a preparation having such a dimension is sorted outwhen mixed into the feedstuff.

Thus, there remains a need for feed additive compositions for ruminantswhich are capable of bypassing the rumen in lactating cows. The presentinvention also relates to methods of producing the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide novelfeed additive compositions for ruminants.

It is another object of the present invention to provide novel feedadditive compositions for ruminants which are capable of bypassing therumen.

It is another object of the present invention to provide novel feedadditive compositions for ruminants which are capable of bypassing therumen in lactating cows.

It is another object of the present invention to provide novel methodsof preparing such a feed additive composition.

It is another object of the present invention to provide novel methodsfor raising ruminants by feeding such a feed additive composition to theruminants.

It is another object of the present invention to provide novel methodsfor making a product of a ruminants by feeding such a feed additivecompositions to the ruminants and harvesting a product from theruminants.

In particular, it is another object of the present invention to developa dispersion type feed additive composition for ruminants containing abasic amino acid which is a biologically active substance in an amountof 40% by weight or more and less than 65% by weight, and a method ofproducing the same, and more particularly, to develop granules whichhave rumen bypass properties, can accelerate the milk yield andproduction of lactating cows by releasing the biologically activesubstance into the small intestine of the ruminants at highconcentrations, and can be made to have an arbitrary shape which isdifficult to be sorted out even when added to feedstuff; and aproduction method of efficiently and continuously producing thegranules.

These and other objects, which will become apparent during the followingdetailed description, have been achieved by the inventors' discoverythat water in a feed additive composition for ruminants contributes tothe stability of the composition in a high temperature environment, andthat in order to make granules to be arbitrarily shaped and to enhancethe productivity, when a feed composition containing a biologicallyactive substance is heated to melt while being extruded by a screw in acylinder of an extrusion granulator (extruder), and the dischargedmolten mixture is allowed to fall into water from a certain height,granules of a solidified mixture may be obtained.

Thus the present invention provides:

(1) A feed additive composition for ruminants, including at least oneprotective agent selected from a hardened vegetable oil and a hardenedanimal oil having a melting point higher than 50° C. and lower than 90°C., 0.05 to 6% by weight of lecithin, 40% by weight or more and lessthan 65% by weight of a basic amino acid, and water.

(2) The feed additive composition for ruminants according to (1),wherein the content of water is 0.01 to 6% by weight.

(3) The feed additive composition for ruminants according to (1),wherein the content of water is 2 to 6% by weight.

(4) The feed additive composition for ruminants according to any one of(1) to (3), wherein the basic amino acid is L-lysine, L-arginine,L-omithine, or salts thereof.

(5) The feed additive composition for ruminants according to any one of(1) to (4), wherein the difference in redness (Δt) is 3 to 6 whengranules are immersed in a 75% aqueous solution of ethanol containing0.1% of food colorant No. 102, at 40° C. for 45 minutes.

(6) The feed additive composition for ruminants according to any one of(1) to (5), wherein the average particle size of the basic amino acid is100 μm or less.

(7) A method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminants,comprising a process of preparing a molten mixture formed from at leastone protective agent selected from a hardened vegetable oil and ahardened animal oil having a melting point higher than 50° C. and lowerthan 90° C., lecithin and a basic amino acid; and a process of obtaininga solidified mixture by immersing the molten mixture into water.

(8) The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminantsaccording to (7), wherein the process of preparing a molten mixtureincludes preparing a molten mixture through heating and melting using anextruder, and the process of obtaining a solidified mixture includesobtaining a solidified mixture by allowing the molten mixture to beretained in a multi-hole shooter having a plurality of holes at thevessel bottom, to fall through the plurality of holes to be immersedinto water.

(9) The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminantsaccording to (8), wherein the fall distance from the multi-hole shooteris 5 cm or more and less than 150 cm.

(10) The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminantsaccording to any one of (7) to (9), wherein the basic amino acid isL-lysine, L-arginine, L-ornithine, or salts thereof.

(11) The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminantsaccording to any one of (7) to (10), wherein the average particle sizeof the basic amino acid is 100 μm or less.

(12) The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminantsaccording to any one of (7) to (11), further including heat treating thesolidified mixture.

(13) A process for raising a ruminant, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1).

(14) A process for making meat, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1); andharvesting meat from said ruminant.

(15) A process for making milk, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1); andharvesting milk from said ruminant.

(16) A process for making a dairy product, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1);harvesting milk from said ruminant; andconverting said milk into said dairy product.

(17) A process for making wool, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1); andharvesting wool from said ruminant.

(18) A process for making leather, comprising:

feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition for ruminants accordingto (1);harvesting skin from said ruminant; andconverting said skin into said leather.

The feed additive composition for ruminants of the present invention hasa resistance to degradation in rumen juice and dissolubility in thesmall intestine, and can carry high contents of basic amino acidsefficiently and in large quantities to the small intestine of lactatingcows. Therefore, the lactating cows can absorb large quantities of aminoacids as nutrients, and enhancement of the milk yield and production ismade possible. Furthermore, the method of producing a feed additivecomposition for ruminants involves, for example, retaining a moltenmixture produced with an extruder temporarily in a multi-hole shooter,and allowing this mixture to fall through a plurality of holes providedat the bottom of the multi-hole shooter, and thus it is possible toenhance the amount of production of the feed additive composition inaccordance with the capacity of the extruder. Furthermore, bycontrolling the fall distance from the multi-hole shooter, the shape ofthe granules of the composition produced can be made into various shapessuch as a spherical shape, a granular shape, a pellet shape or a shapeof pressed barley, due to the energy of impacting the water surface. Inparticular, the granules of the pellet shape and the shape of pressedbarley had a feature of not being easily sorted out when added tofeedstuff. The feed additive composition for ruminants of the presentinvention includes granules having a shape which is easily ground by themastication of lactating cows, but the feed additive composition isstable in the rumen juice, irrespective of the shape. Also, since thefeed additive composition has a high content of basic amino acids whichare biologically active substances, it is possible to obtain highquality granules which are capable of releasing more basic amino acids,which are biologically active substances, from the granules in the smallintestine of lactating cows. As is obvious from the degree of colorationbased on the coloration test using a water-soluble colorant solutionshown in the Examples, the composition of the present invention has asurface layer part which has certain water repellency, and therefore,even in the case where the composition is exposed to the rumen juice,elution of the basic amino acids from the composition is effectivelyprevented, and a high resistance to degradation in rumen juice can bemaintained. Particularly, by implementing a heating treatment on themixture according to the present invention which has been solidified byimmersing a molten mixture into water, the water repellent power of thesurface layer part of the composition can be increased, and a feedadditive composition for ruminants having a resistance to degradation inrumen juice can be attained. Moreover, in the present invention, thedifficulty of nutrients to be eluted from a feed composition when thefeed composition containing the nutrients is exposed to the rumen juiceof a ruminant is referred to as a resistance to degradation in rumenjuice, and this is indicated as a proportion (protection ratio %) ofbasic amino acids in a feed composition, which are not eluted after thecomposition has been placed in an artificial rumen juice underpredetermined conditions. Furthermore, the property of nutrientscontained in a feed composition that reach the intestines without beingeluted to the rumen of a ruminant is referred to as rumen bypassproperty, and this is indicated as the product of the content (% byweight) of the basic amino acids in the feed composition and theprotection rate (small intestine arrival rate %) mentioned previously.Both the resistance to degradation in rumen juice and the rumen bypassproperty are used to represent the characteristics of a feed compositionwhich is capable of efficiently supplying basic amino acids toruminants.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same become betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the moisture content(% by weight) and the protection rate [A] (%); and

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the lecithin contentin the feed composition and the elution rate of L-lysinemonohydrochloride from the feed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The feed additive composition for ruminants of the present inventioncontains at least one protective agent selected from a hardenedvegetable oil and a hardened animal oil having a melting point higherthan 50° C. and lower than 90° C., 0.05 to 6% by weight of lecithin,water, and 40% by weight or more and less than 65% by weight of a basicamino acid.

The basic amino acid used in the present invention includes free basicamino acids as well as physiologically acceptable salts thereof, forexample, hydrochlorides or sulfates. Suitable examples of the basicamino acid include L-lysine, L-arginine, L-ornithine, and salts thereof.Among them, a basic amino acid which is considered to be the mostimportant in the enhancement of milk yield in lactating cows isL-lysine, and typically, the crystals of L-lysine monohydrochloride areused, which also constitute the most preferred example in the presentinvention. As for the basic amino acid, commercially available productsmay be used as it is or after being pulverized, to be mixed with otherraw materials. It is preferable for the pulverized crystals of the basicamino acid to have an average particle size of 100 μm or less, and morepreferably 50 to 75 μm. Here, the average particle size as used hereinmeans a median diameter. The heating and melting temperature of hardenedoil in the extruder is 100° C. or lower, and because L-lysinemonohydrochloride having a melting point of 263° C. does not melt, thefeed additive composition in the extruder is in fact in a slurry stateeven though referred to be in a molten state. The content of the basicamino acid is, in terms of L-lysine monohydrochloride, 40% by weight ormore and less than 65% by weight, and more preferably 40% by weight ormore and 60% by weight or less (32 to 52% by weight in terms of freeL-lysine). The feed additive composition for ruminants of the presentinvention may also contain, in addition to the basic amino acids,methionine, threonine, tryptophan and other amino acids which may beadded to the feed for ruminants, and in particular, incorporation ofmethionine is preferable.

As for the at least one protective agent selected from a hardenedvegetable oil and a hardened animal oil having a melting point higherthan 50° C. and lower than 90° C., hardened vegetable oils such ashardened soybean oil, hardened rapeseed oil, hardened groundnut oil,hardened olive oil, hardened cottonseed oil, and hardened palm oil, arepreferably used. In addition to these, it is also possible to usebeeswax, waxes and the like. The content of these substances in the feedadditive composition is more than 23% by weight and less than 60% byweight.

The content of lecithin in the feed additive composition for ruminantsof the present invention is 0.05 to 6% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 5%by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight, and particularlypreferably 1 to 2% by weight. Since L-lysine monohydrochloride has amelting point of 263° C., the substance does not melt at 50 to 90° C.,which is the melting temperature of the protective agent according tothe present invention, and exists as hydrophilic particles in the stateof being mixed with the protective agent. Since the hardened oils,beeswax and waxes as the protective agent are oleophilic, the surface ofL-lysine monohydrochloride is modified by using lecithin, which is ananionic surfactant, and the L-lysine monohydrochloride is homogeneouslydispersed so as not to be localized in the molten hardened oil. It isconsidered that even when basic amino acids are present at the surfaceof the produced granules, since the surface has been modified withlecithin, the basic amino acids are relatively stable and have aresistance to degradation in rumen juice even upon a contact with therumen juice.

The presence of water in the feed additive composition for ruminants ofthe present invention influences the storage stability of the product,and consequently, it greatly affects the resistance to degradation inrumen juice. If the storage environment is at a low temperature of 10°C. or lower, the feed additive composition for ruminants is relativelystable irrespective of the content of water contained therein. However,in the case where the composition is exposed to a severe environment inwhich the temperature of the storage environment exceeds 40° C., if themoisture content in the feed additive composition for ruminants isdecreased, the resistance to rumen juice of the basic amino acids tendsto decrease. Also, if the moisture content exceeds 6% by weight, thetendency of the decrease of resistance to rumen juice is recognized.Therefore, it is desirable for the feed additive composition forruminants of the present invention to contain moisture in a proportionof 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably 2 to 6% by weight, more preferably2.5 to 6% by weight, and particularly preferably 3 to 6% by weight.

The granules of the feed additive composition for ruminants of thepresent invention are characterized by having the above-mentionedmoisture content, and at the same time, maintaining certain waterrepellency. The water repellency of the granules as stated in thepresent invention means the difficulty of moisture to infiltrate intothe granule surface layer part, which property is obtained by immersingthe granules in an aqueous solution having an appropriate water-solublecolorant such as red food colorant (Food Colorant No. 102) dissolvedtherein, for a certain time period, and the difference in thechromaticity (Δt) at the surface of granules of before and after theimmersion is expressed for descriptive purposes. A low value of Δt meansthat the granules are poorly stained with colorants, that is, thegranules have a characteristic that the surface layer part of thegranules is hardly infiltrated by moisture, while a high value of Δtmeans that the granules are readily stained with colorants, that is, thegranules have a characteristic that the surface layer part of thegranules is susceptible to the infiltration of moisture. It is believedthat when moisture infiltrates into the surface layer part of thegranules, the basic amino acid contained in the granule surface layerpart is eluted to the outside of the granules, and the rumen bypassproperty is decreased; therefore, it is preferable that the granules ofthe feed additive composition for ruminants have water repellency to acertain degree. As will be shown in the Test Examples that will bedescribed later, the water repellency of the granules of the presentinvention is in generally 5 to 6, when expressed as the difference inredness (Δt) which is obtained by immersing the granules in a 75%aqueous solution of ethanol containing 0.1% of Food Colorant No. 102, at40° C. for 45 minutes. The water repellency of the granules of thepresent invention is such that the Δt value measured under theabove-described conditions can be increased to about 3, by implementinga heating treatment on the mixture obtained by immersing a moltenmixture into water to solidify. As discussed above, the feed additivecomposition for ruminants of the present invention can be described as afeed additive composition for ruminants containing at least oneprotective agent selected from a hardened vegetable oil and a hardenedanimal oil having a melting point higher than 50° C. and lower than 90°C., 0.05 to 6% by weight of lecithin, water, and 40% by weight or moreand less than 65% by weight of a basic amino acid, wherein thedifference in redness (Δt) obtained by immersing granules into a 75%aqueous solution of ethanol containing 0.1% of food colorant No. 102 at40° C. for 45 minutes, is 3 to 6.

The feed additive composition for ruminants of the present invention isproduced by a method including a process of preparing a molten mixtureformed from at least one protective agent selected from a hardenedvegetable oil and a hardened animal oil having a melting point higherthan 50° C. and lower than 90° C., lecithin and a basic amino acid; anda process of obtaining a solidified mixture by immersing the moltenmixture into water. In the aforementioned method, a protective agent,lecithin and a basic amino acid are used as raw materials, and these aremelted and mixed. When this molten mixture is immersed into water to beformed into a granular shape, a portion of the basic amino acid iseluted in water, but the amount is very small. Meanwhile, water isincorporated into the mixture at this stage. This water can be reducedby a subsequent drying process. Of course, the cooling may beaccomplished by immersing the molten mixture into an aqueous liquidwhich contains other components in addition to water.

In the process of preparing a molten mixture in the continuousproduction method of the present invention, a commercially availableextruder can be used, but it is preferable to remove the die plate whichis placed at the outlet. By removing the die plate, a molten mixture ofthe raw material composition for the feed additive composition forruminants can be obtained in a state where the inside of the cylindertube of the extruder is not subjected to so much pressure. A moltenmixture containing a large amount of L-lysine monohydrochloride isdifficult to be granulated by air prilling, but when even such a moltenmixture is allowed to fall free directly from orifices having anappropriate diameter, the mixed molten product having a continuous rodshape is formed into a fine fiber form, and finally cut under the actionof the surface tension during the falling, to become separate andindividual liquid droplets. When the liquid droplets are dropped intowater which is in the state of being stirred, the liquid droplets areinstantaneously cooled and solidified in the water. It is the productioncapacity of the extruder which affects the amount of production of thecomposition for feed, and in the production method of the presentinvention, it is possible to operate the extruder at its upper limit ofcapacity. Here, the machine which is usable is not limited to extruder,as long as it is capable of obtaining a molten mixture of the rawmaterial composition, and is capable of preparing a molten mixture whichis turned into liquid droplets during falling.

The multi-hole shooter is a means necessary for increasing the amount ofproduction in the method of producing the feed additive composition forruminants of the present invention. The multi-hole shooter according tothe present invention is a vessel having a perforated bottom with aplurality of holes, and is a facility for temporarily retaining a heatedmolten mixture discharged from the extruder. The multi-hole shooterpreferably includes a heating facility so that the retained heatedmolten mixture does not become cold. The amount of production of thefeed additive composition for ruminants is directly proportional to thenumber of holes provided at the bottom of the vessel. The distance fromthe bottom surface of the multi-hole shooter to the water surface (falldistance) determines the final shape of the granules. When the heatedmolten mixture is allowed to fall at a temperature of 65° C., granuleshaving a spherical shape to a shape close to that of a rugby ball areobtained at a fall distance of 5 cm to 15 cm. Furthermore, when the falldistance is further increased, the impact energy at the water surface isincreased, and thus more flattened granules having a shape of pressedbarley are obtained. At a fall distance of about 50 cm, granules havinga shape of pressed barley with an undulating fringe are obtained. Thediameter of the holes of the multi-hole shooter is selected depending onthe viscosity and the size of the granules to be produced. In the caseof producing small granules, it is preferable to have holes having asize of 0.5 to 3 mm, and in order to obtain granules having a size witha diameter of about 10 mm, it is preferable to have holes having a sizeof about several millimeters. Typically, a size of 0.5 to 5 mm ispreferred.

The processes of the production method of the present invention will bedescribed. The basic amino acids which are used as the raw material maybe pulverized and used. Pulverization is performed using, for example, apulverizer, until the average of the particle size of the basic aminoacid becomes 100 μm or less, and preferably 75 μm, and if necessary,sieving is performed. The order of addition of lecithin is not to beparticularly fixed, and in order to coat the surface of the basic aminoacid, for example, L-lysine monohydrochloride, with lecithin, the twosubstances may be mixed in advance with a Nauta mixer, and if theproduction efficiency is to be improved, three components of theprotective agent, lecithin and basic amino acid may be nearlysimultaneously charged into the cylinder of an extruder. It is alsopossible to respectively charge predetermined amounts of the threecomponents through a feed inlet near the inlet of the cylinder.Alternatively, a molten mixture may be obtained by first charging abasic amino acid and hardened oil and mixing them at near roomtemperature, then finally charging lecithin, and heating the rawmaterial composition to melt. The temperature for melting and mixing theraw material composition may be at or above the melting point of thehardened oil, but for example, in the case of fully hydrogenated soybeanoil, since the melting point is 67 to 71° C., the melting point may be80 to 85° C., and a temperature higher than the melting point by 5 to15° C. is sufficient. In regard to the heating temperature, it is notnecessary to heat at a temperature above the melting point from thebeginning, and if the raw materials are initially pre-heated to atemperature lower than the melting point by 5 to 101° C., conveyed bythe screw in the cylinder of the extruder, and then heated to apredetermined temperature above the melting point, a stable moltenmixture can be obtained efficiently. The discharged heated moltenmixture is temporarily retained in a multi-hole shooter, and the moltenmixture is allowed to fall free into water from the holes having a sizeof 1 to 4 mm provided at the bottom. The temperature of water into whichthe falling objects are immersed may be about 10 to 30° C. The moltenmixture dropped from the multi-hole shooter falls into the water whichis stirred in a water tank for granule cooling, and is instantaneouslysolidified there. Water is constantly replenished while the watertemperature is maintained constant, and at the same time, the solidifiedmixture is discharged from the water tank for granule cooling by beingcarried away by overflowing water. The solidified mixture has a specificgravity of about 1.1, and drifts in the water. The granules of thesolidified mixture discharged from the water tank are collected with anet or a netted vessel, and dried to yield a feed additive compositionfor ruminants.

The method of producing a feed additive composition for ruminants of thepresent invention preferably includes a process of implementing aheating treatment on the mixture which has been solidified in water. Theheating treatment may be carried out under some conditions approximatelyresulting in the melting of a portion of the crystalline component ofthe protective agent present at the surface layer part of the solidifiedmixture. Specifically, the solidified mixture may be exposed to anatmosphere set to a temperature near the melting point of the protectiveagent contained in the solidified mixture, for example, to hot water,vapor, hot air or the like, generally for some ten seconds to severaltens of seconds. The amount of heat supplied to the mixture varies withthe amount of the mixture (weight), and such amount of heat isdetermined by the product of the treatment temperature and the treatmenttime. Therefore, the amount of heat sufficient for a portion of thecrystalline component of the protective agent present at the surfacelayer part of the solidified mixture to melt may be provided by exposingthe solidified mixture to an atmosphere set to a temperature lower thanthe melting point of the protective agent contained in the solidifiedmixture for a longer period of time, or by exposing the solidifiedmixture to an atmosphere set to a temperature higher than the meltingpoint of the protective agent contained in the solidified mixture for ashorter period of time. Specific treatment temperature and treatmenttime may be appropriately set based on the type of the protective agentcontained in the composition and the amount of the mixture.

In another embodiment, present invention provides novel processes forraising a ruminant by feeding the ruminant such a feed additivecomposition. Such ruminants include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes,American Bison, European Bison, yaks, water buffalo, deer, camels,alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, pronghorn, and nilgai. Theseruminants may be fed the feed additive composition of the presentinvention at any time and in any amount during their life. That is, theruminant may be fed the feed additive composition of the presentinvention either by itself or as part of a diet which includes otherfeedstuffs. Moreover, the ruminant may be fed the feed additivecomposition of the present invention at any time during their lifetime.The ruminant may be fed the feed additive composition of the presentinvention continuously, at regular intervals, or intermittently. Theruminant may be fed the feed additive composition of the presentinvention in an amount such that it accounts for all, a majority, or aminority of the feed in the ruminant's diet for any portion of time inthe animal's life. Preferably, the ruminant is fed the feed additivecomposition of the present invention in an amount such that it accountsfor a majority of the feed in the animal's diet for a significantportion of the animal's lifetime.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel processesfor making meat by harvesting meat from a ruminant which have been fedsuch a feed additive composition. The ruminants in this embodiment arethe same as those described above in connection with the present processfor raising ruminants. The feeding may be carried out as described abovein connection with the process for raising ruminants. The meat may beharvesting at any suitable time during the animal's lifetime. Theharvesting of the meat may be carried out using the techniquesconventional in the art of butchering. Typical meats to be harvestedinclude, beef, pork, mutton, lamb, venison, bison, etc. The meat may besold fresh or frozen. The meat may be processed as described inKirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Ed.,Wiley-Interscience, NY, vol. 16, pp. 68-87, 1995, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel processesfor making milk by harvesting milk from a ruminant which have been fedsuch a feed additive composition. The ruminants in this embodiment arethose which produce milk, such as cattle, oxen, bison, deer, goats,sheep, etc. The feeding may be carried out as described above inconnection with the process for raising ruminants. The harvesting of themilk may be carried out using the conventional techniques known to thosein the art. The milk may be processed, stored, cooled, shipped, andpackaged, as described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology, Fourth Ed., Wiley-Interscience, NY, vol. 16, pp. 700-746,1995, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides processes formaking a dairy product from the milk harvested from a ruminant which hasbeen fed the feed additive composition of the present invention. Suchdairy products include evaporated and condensed milk, dry milk, cream,anhydrous milk fat, butter, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, and frozendesserts (such as ice cream, frozen yogurt, ice milk, sherbets, andmellorine), lactose, and casein. The conversion of the milk into thedairy product may be carried out using conventional techniques known tothose skilled in the art as described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology, Fourth Ed., Wiley-Interscience, NY, vol. 16, pp.700-746, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel processesfor making wool by harvesting wool from a ruminant been fed such a feedadditive composition. The ruminants in this embodiment are those whichproduce wool, such as goats, sheep, lambs, lama, alpaca, etc. Thefeeding may be carried out as described above in connection with theprocess for raising ruminants. The wool may be harvested and treated byconventional techniques known to those skill in the art and as describedin Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Ed.,Wiley-Interscience, NY, vol. 25, pp. 664-712, 1998, which isincorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel processesfor making leather by harvesting skin from a ruminant which have beenfed such a feed additive composition and converting the skin intoleather. In the context of the present invention, the term leather alsoincludes suede and the term skin include hides and pelts. The ruminantsin this embodiment are those whose skin may be converted into leather,such as cattle, oxen, bison, deer, goats, sheep, lambs, lama, alpaca,yaks, etc. The feeding may be carried out as described above inconnection with the process for raising ruminants. The skin may beharvested and converted into leather by conventional techniques known tothose skill in the art and as described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology, Fourth Ed., Wiley-Interscience, NY, vol. 15, pp.159-177, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course ofthe following descriptions of exemplary embodiments which are given forillustration of the invention and are not intended to be limitingthereof.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, evaluation methods will be described.

Method for Measuring Viscosity.

A molten mixture in a slurry form obtained by heating (85° C.) andmelting the mixture using an extruder was weighed to 100 g in a 200-mlbeaker made of heat resistant glass, placed in a constant temperaturewater bath at 90° C., and slowly stirred to set the temperature of themolten mixture at 90° C. When the temperature became constant at 90° C.,viscosity measurement was performed at 90° C. using a rotationalviscometer of Viscometer Model BL manufactured by Tokimec, Inc. For themeasurement, a rotating shaft for direct viscosity measurement wasimmersed into the molten mixture in the beaker, the rotating shaft wasrotated, and the viscosity was measured several times. When the valuebecame constant, it was determined as the rotational viscosity (Pa·s) at90° C.

Moisture Content in Preparation.

The moisture content was determined by measuring the weight loss afterheating at 105° C. for 20 minutes, using a Kett moisture analyzer(Infrared Moisture Balance FD-610).

Content of L-Lysine Monohydrochloride in Preparation (Dried Product):“w”.

In a 50-ml conical tube manufactured by Falcon, Corp., 4.00 g of thedried product obtained after the measurement of moisture content in thepreparation, and 20.0 g of pure water were weighed and tightlystoppered. The conical tube was immersed in a constant temperature waterbath at 85° C. for 20 minutes, to melt the hardened soybean oil. Thehardened oil and L-lysine monohydrochloride were separated, and L-lysinemonohydrochloride was dissolved in an aqueous solution. The L-lysinemonohydrochloride thus recovered was analyzed by conventional liquidchromatography, and thus the content (% by weight) of L-lysinemonohydrochloride in the preparation (dried product), “w,” asdetermined.

Content of L-Lysine Monohydrochloride in Preparation: “W”.

In a 50-ml conical tube manufactured by Falcon, Corp., 4.00 g of thepreparation and 20.0 g of pure water were weighed and tightly stoppered.The conical tube was immersed in a constant temperature water bath at85° C. for 20 minutes, to melt the hardened soybean oil. The hardenedoil and L-lysine monohydrochloride were separated, and L-lysinemonohydrochloride was dissolved in an aqueous solution. The L-lysinemonohydrochloride thus recovered was analyzed by conventional liquidchromatography, and thus the content (% by weight) of L-lysinemonohydrochloride in the preparation, “W,” was determined.

Protection Rate: “A”.

2.00 g of the preparation was weighed in a 50-ml conical tubemanufactured by Falcon, Corp., and 10.0 g of an artificial rumen juicewas added thereto. The conical tube was tightly stoppered and laidhorizontal, and the tube was shaken for 20 hours in an oscillatingshaker at 40° C. Subsequently, the content of L-lysine monohydrochloridein the aqueous solution was analyzed before and after the shaking, andthe proportion (%) of L-lysine monohydrochloride in the preparationwhich was not eluted out at 40° C. for 20 hours, was determined as theprotection rate (%): “A.”

Small Intestine Arrival Rate: “W”×“A”.

The product of the content of L-lysine monohydrochloride in thepreparation “W” (% by weight) and the protection rate “A” (%) wasdetermined as the small intestine arrival rate (“W”×“A”).

Example 1

Since the amount of soybean lecithin used was a trace amount, in orderto uniformly disperse this, soybean lecithin was triturated in advanceby a mixing granulator using finely pulverized L-lysinemonohydrochloride (the composition ratio was L-lysinemonohydrochloride:soybean lecithin=5:1). Three components, that is,finely pulverized L-lysine monohydrochloride for feed having an averageparticle size of 75 μm (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.), soybeanlecithin (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co, Inc.) and fully hydrogenatedsoybean oil (melting point 67° C.; manufactured by Yokozeki Oil & FatCorp.) were respectively weighed at the composition shown in Table 1,including the above-mentioned amount of soybean lecithin, and so as toobtain a total amount of 5 kg, and the three components weresufficiently mixed. In addition, as the amino acid for invention 10, amixture formed by adding 6.0% by weight of DL-methionine (manufacturedby Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) to 42% by weight of L-lysine monohydrochloridewas prepared. Subsequently, the composition raw materials were chargedinto the hopper of a twin-screw extruder for laboratory use (LaboruderModel Name: Mark-II, manufactured by Japan Steel Works, Ltd.), and thecomposition raw materials were continuously fed at 9 kg/h from thehopper into the feed inlet of the screw which had been preliminarilyheated (preliminary heating temperature 60° C., main heating temperature85° C., set temperature at outlet 70° C.) and was rotating (400 rpm).The molten mixture was conveyed into the screw to be heated, melted andmixed, and was discharged from the outlet of the extruder with its dieplate removed, in the form of finely textured, uniform molten slurry.The discharged molten mixture in a slurry state was charged into amulti-hole shooter (number of holes: 30, size of hole: 2 mm indiameter), which was set directly underneath. The molten mixture in aslurry state was temporarily retained in the multi-hole shooter, and wasdispersed through the thirty holes. The molten mixture in a slurry statewas discharged from a plurality of holes at a low speed such that thedischarge rate from one hole was 0.3 kg/h, and formed perfect liquiddroplets. The liquid droplets fell into a water tank for granule cooling(20° C.), which was placed directly below and was being stirred, andwere cooled to instantaneously solidify. At this time, the distance fromthe bottom surface of the multi-hole shooter to the water surface of thewater tank for granule cooling was 20 cm. The shape of the granules ofthe solidified mixture obtained in this manner were such that thosehaving a high rotational viscosity obtained a shape of flatly deformedrugby ball having a diameter of 3 to 4 mm, and those having a lowrotational viscosity obtained a shape of pressed barley having adiameter of 5 to 8 mm. The obtained granules of the solidified mixturewere recovered, the water of adhesion was dehydrated, and then thegranules were dried in air at ambient temperature to obtain the feedadditive composition for ruminants of the present invention (subjectinventions 1 to 10). The loss of raw materials in the composition due towater and others was small, and the recovery rate was as high as 98 to99.5% in all cases. The content of L-lysine monohydrochloride W in theobtained granules×protection rate for lysine [A] in the rumen juice,represented the small intestine arrival rate of L-lysinemonohydrochloride, W×[A], and this value was 35% by weight or more asshown in Table 1. The specific weight of the obtained feed additivecomposition for ruminants was 1.05 to 1.15, and the composition driftedin the rumen juice without floating thereon.

TABLE 1 Content of L- Content of L- Moisture lysine mono- lysine mono-Evaluation of rumen Composition of feed additive composition content inhydrochloride hydrochloride juice infiltration Fully Rotational feed infeed in feed Small L-lysine mono- Soybean hydrogenated viscosityadditive additive additive Protection intestine hydrochloride lecithinsoybean oil of slurry composition composition composition (W) rate [A]arrival rate (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (Pa · s) (wt %) (dried product) (wt %)(%) W · [A] Present 1 40.0 0.5 59.5 1.8 1.5 39.9 39.3 91.4 35.9Invention 2 40.0 1.0 59.0 1.2 1.8 40.0 39.3 90.3 35.5 3 40.0 2.0 58.00.44 2.0 39.8 39.0 90.3 35.2 4 45.0 2.0 53.0 0.82 2.2 44.5 43.5 84.336.7 5 50.0 2.0 48.0 1.2 2.5 49.8 48.6 76.7 37.2 6 55.0 0.5 44.5 2.2 3.154.1 52.4 69.5 36.4 7 55.0 1.0 44.0 2.0 3.5 54.2 52.3 71.3 37.3 8 55.02.0 43.0 1.7 4.1 54.5 52.3 69.7 36.4 9 60.0 0.5 39.5 4.3 4.5 59.5 56.869.2 39.3 10 42.0 2.0 50.0 4.1 1.1 40.5 40.0 87.5 35.0 (6.0) (5.9)(90.3) (5.3) Comparative 1 30.0 2.0 68.0 0.15 1.1 29.9 29.6 94.2 27.9Example 2 65.0 2.0 33.0 5.7 — 62.4 — — — 3 65.0 4.6 30.4 5.2 — 60.0 — —— 4 40.0 2.0 58.0 0.44 0.3 40.0 39.9 45.5 18.1 5 45.0 2.0 53.0 0.82 0.444.8 44.6 37.5 16.7 6 50.0 2.0 48.0 1.2 0.3 — — — — 7 40.0 — 30.0 1.31.1 39.1 38.7 42.8 16.6 The numerical values in ( ) are the values forDL-methionine.

Comparative Example 1

An experiment was performed by the same method as in Example 1 and withthe composition and the blending amounts shown in Table 1, with L-lysinemonohydrochloride in an amount decreased to 30% by weight, and theobtained results are presented together in Table 1. The rotationalviscosity obtained when the composition was heated and melted was 0.15Pa·s, and the liquidity was quite fluid. The protection rate [A] of theComparative Example 1 was high, but the small intestine arrival rate ofL-lysine monohydrochloride was low.

Comparative Examples 2 and 3

The results obtained by the same method as in Example 1, with a largeramount of L-lysine monohydrochloride are presented together in Table 1.In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the mixtures heated and melted in theextruder were in the form of slurry, but since the rotational viscositywas very high, the heated and melted mixture did not form liquiddroplets even when dropped from the multi-hole shooter, and formulationinto granules could not be achieved.

Comparative Examples 4 to 6

The slurry-like mixture which was obtained using the composition rawmaterials and blending ratios indicated in Table 1 by heating andmelting them in an extruder in the same manner as in Examples, washeated to 90° C., and the mixture was granulated by air prilling withpressurized air (0.5 MPa), using a nozzle having an orifice diameter of3 mm. In the case where granulation by prilling was possible, anevaluation of the resulting preparation was performed, and the resultsare presented in Table 1. In Comparative Examples 4 and 5, granulationby prilling was possible, but the preparations mostly did not containmoisture, and had very low protection rates [A], and therefore, smallintestine arrival rates W×[A] were also low. The particles of theresulting preparations were spheres with a diameter of about 1 mm, andclassification was unavoidable when blended into feedstuff. In the rawmaterials containing 50% by weight of L-lysine monohydrochloride asindicated in Comparative Example 6, since the rotational viscosity ofthe resulting slurry-like mixture was high, prilling of the slurry-likemixture in the air by means of pressurized air (0.5 MPa) could not becarried out, and it was not possible to obtain a granulated preparation.

Comparative Example 7

As an example of the composition formed from an amino acid, high meltingpoint oil and fat, and low melting point oil and fat as disclosed inJapanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 49-45224, acomposition containing 40% by weight of L-lysine monohydrochloride, 30%by weight of hardened soybean oil and 30% by weight of soybean oil (notcontaining lecithin) was prepared, and a molten mixture was prepared byheating and melting the aforementioned composition at 85° C. using anextruder with its die plate removed, in the same manner as in Example 1.The molten mixture was charged into a multi-hole shooter, and wasimmersed into water at 20° C. to obtain granules. An evaluation of thesegranules was performed, and the results are presented together inTable 1. As a result, it was confirmed that these granules had a lowprotection rate [A], and a small intestine arrival rate, W×[A], lowerthan those of the Examples. In particular, the small intestine arrivalrate which indicates the amount of L-lysine monohydrochloride arrivingat the small intestine of a lactating cow was as low as 16.7%, and thisimplies that there is a large loss along the way, and the preparationcannot be provided for practical use. The specific weight of thepreparation was less than 1, and the preparation floated on the surfacein the rumen juice.

Example 2

17.7 kg of L-lysine monohydrochloride for feedstuff (manufactured byAjinomoto Co., Inc.) which was pulverized to a particle size of 100 μmor less was charged into a Nauta Mixer NX-S (manufactured by HosokawaMicron, Ltd.), and 3.5 kg of soybean lecithin (manufactured by AjinomotoCo., Inc.) was added and mixed therewith while being stirred. 1.3 kg ofthe mixture, 9.9 kg of the above-mentioned L-lysine monohydrochloride,and 8.8 kg of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (manufactured by YokozekiOil & Fat Corp.; melting point 67° C.) were mixed with the Nauta Mixer.Subsequently, the mixture was charged into a twin-screw extruder(manufactured by Cosmotec Corp.) having the inside of the screw heatedto 85° C., and the slurry-like molten mixture discharged from the outletwas charged into a multi-hole shooter (number of holes: 30, size ofhole: 2 mm in diameter). The slurry-like molten mixture was dropped intoa stirred water tank which was installed at a distance of 20 cm fromthose holes to cool and solidify the molten mixture, and the resultinggranules of the solidified mixture were recovered. The recoveredgranules were subjected to the dehydration of the water of adhesion, andwere dried in air at ambient temperature. In that regard, variousgranules having a moisture content of 0.01% to 6.1% were produced byvarying the time for air drying from 0 to 14 hours. The granules thusproduced were subjected to the measurement of the content of L-lysinemonohydrochloride W, and then a part of them was placed in a chamber at45° C., while the remnants were stored at 4° C. After three days, thegranules were taken out, and the protection rate [A] was measured. Theresults are presented in Table 2 and FIG. 1. The protection rate [A] ofthe granules stored at 4° C. was not much affected in the moisturecontent and was in the range of about 60% to 70%, while the protectionrate [A] of the granules stored at 45° C. decreased in the case wherethe moisture content was smaller than 2% by weight and in the case wherethe moisture content exceeded 6% by weight.

TABLE 2 Moisture Content of L-lysine content in monohydrochlorideProtection rate [A] % Rate of feed additive in feed additive Stored atStored at change composition composition (W) 4° C. 45° C. (A1 − A2) ·(wt %) (wt %) A1 % A2 % 100/A1 % 1.4 49.5 67.6 39.9 41 1.9 52.2 68.651.0 25.7 2.5 51.6 69.5 61.6 11.4 3.1 51.9 68.0 62.4 8.2 3.8 51.6 68.466.9 2.2 4.2 51.6 68.0 66.9 1.6 4.6 50.9 65.1 67.0 −2.9 5.3 51.4 64.467.1 −4.2 5.6 50.9 65.2 67.1 −2.9 6.1 49.9 59.6 54.5 8.4

Example 3

1) Composition raw materials which had been mixed in advance to a weightratio of 54.9% of L-lysine monohydrochloride (manufactured by AjinomotoCo., Inc.), 1.1% of soybean lecithin (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co.,Inc.) and 44% of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (melting point 67° C.;manufactured by Yokozeki Oil & Fat Corp.) were charged into the hopperof a twin-screw extruder for laboratory use (Laboruder Model Name:Mark-II, manufactured by Japan Steel Works, Ltd.), and the compositionraw materials were continuously fed at 9 kg/h from the hopper into thefeed inlet of the rotating (400 rpm) screw which had been preliminarilyheated (preliminary heating temperature 60° C., main heating temperature85° C., set temperature for outlet 70° C.). The molten mixture wasconveyed into the screw to be heated, melted and mixed, and wasdischarged from the outlet of the extruder with its die plate removed,in the form of finely textured, uniform molten slurry. The dischargedmolten mixture in a slurry state was charged into a multi-hole shooter(number of holes: 30, size of hole: 2 mm in diameter), which was setdirectly underneath. The molten mixture in a slurry state wastemporarily stored in the multi-hole shooter, and was dispersed throughthe thirty holes. The molten mixture in a slurry state was dischargedfrom a plurality of holes of the multi-hole shooter, and formed perfectliquid droplets. The liquid droplets fell into a water tank for granulecooling (10° C.), which was placed directly below and was being stirred,and were cooled to instantaneously solidify. At this time, the distancefrom the bottom surface of the multi-hole shooter to the water surfaceof the water tank for granule cooling was 10 cm. The granules of thesolidified mixture obtained in this manner were left to stand in thewater for 30 minutes, then the water of adhesion at the surface wasdehydrated, and thus a feed additive composition for ruminants wasrecovered. Subsequently, 200 g of the feed additive composition forruminants was placed in a fluidized bed drying machine (FLOmini,manufactured by Okawara Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) set at a temperature of40° C. for 5 minutes, in a fluidized bed drying machine (FLOmini,manufactured by Okawara Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) set at a temperature of50° C. for 5 minutes, and in a fluidized bed drying machine (FLOmini,manufactured by Okawara Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) set at a temperature of60° C. for 3 minutes, to be subjected to a heating treatment. Theresults of measuring the moisture content and protection rate of thefeed additive composition for ruminants obtained before and after theheating treatment are presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Heating treatment Heating treatment Moisture content Protectionrate temperature (° C.) time (min) (wt %) [A] % Untreated Untreated 6.273 40° C. 5 minutes 4.4 85 50° C. 5 minutes 4.7 84 60° C. 3 minutes 4.880

2) Composition raw materials which had been mixed in advance to a weightratio of 54.9% of L-lysine monohydrochloride (manufactured by AjinomotoCo., Inc.), 1.1% of soybean lecithin (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co.,Inc.) and 44% of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (melting point 67° C.;manufactured by Yokozeki Oil & Fat Corp.) were charged into the hopperof a twin-screw extruder for laboratory use (Laboruder Model Name:Mark-II, manufactured by Japan Steel Works, Ltd.), and the compositionraw materials were continuously fed at 20 kg/h from the hopper into thefeed inlet of the rotating (130 rpm) screw which had been preliminarilyheated (preliminary heating temperature 65° C., main heating temperature85° C., set temperature for outlet 70° C.). The molten mixture wasconveyed into the screw to be heated, melted and mixed, and wasdischarged from the outlet of the extruder with its die plate removed,in the form of finely textured, uniform molten slurry. The dischargedmolten mixture in a slurry state was charged into a multi-hole shooter(number of holes: 30, size of hole: 2 mm in diameter), which was setdirectly underneath. The molten mixture in a slurry state wastemporarily retained in the multi-hole shooter, and was dispersedthrough the thirty holes. The molten mixture in a slurry state wasdischarged from a plurality of holes of the multi-hole shooter, andformed perfect liquid droplets. The liquid droplets fell into a watertank for granule cooling (10° C.), which was placed directly below andwas being stirred, and were cooled to instantaneously solidify. At thistime, the distance from the bottom surface of the multi-hole shooter tothe water surface of the water tank for granule cooling was 10 cm. Thegranules of the solidified mixture obtained in this manner were left tostand in the water for 40 minutes, then the water of adhesion at thesurface was dehydrated, and thus a feed additive composition forruminants was obtained. Subsequently, 200 g of the feed additivecomposition for ruminants was placed in a fluidized bed drying machine(FLOmini, manufactured by Okawara Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) set at atemperature of 50° C. for 15 minutes, to be subjected to a heatingtreatment. The feed additive composition for ruminants which had notbeen subjected to the heating treatment, and the same composition whichhad been subjected to the heating treatment were respectively stored at25° C. and 40° C. for one month, and then the protection rates weremeasured. These results are presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Protection rate [A] % Before Stored at 25° C. Stored at 40° C.storing for 1 months for 1 months Without heating 81 79 74 treatmentHeated at 50° C. 85 85 83 for 15 minutes

Example 4

In regard to the feed additive composition for ruminants without heatingtreatment as shown in Table 4 of Example 3; the feed additivecomposition for ruminants heated at 50° C. for 15 minutes in the sametable; white granules recovered after sieving “Bypass Supply Milkan(registered trademark) Plus Lysine” which is commercially available fromBio Science Co., Ltd. (the product is listed in the website of the samecompany: http://www.bioscience.co.jp/proudct/chi_(—)05.html, JapanesePatent Registration No. 3728738); and the composition of ComparativeExample 7, the water repellencies of the respective compositions weremeasured. 20 mL of a 75% water-containing ethanol solution in which 0.1%by weight of Food Colorant No. 102 was dissolved was provided in a glasssample bottle, and after heating this to 40° C., 1.2 g of each of thecompositions was added to the sample bottle to be immersed at 45° C. for40 minutes. After recovering each of the compositions, the solution atthe surfaces was lightly wiped out, and then the degree of redness wasmeasured with a color difference meter (Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc.).The measurement results of n=5 (average) are presented in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Without heating With heating White Comparative treatmenttreatment granules Example 7 Before staining 2.20 1.85 1.39 0.45 Afterstaining 7.36 5.00 12.16 8.56 Δt value 5.16 3.15 10.77 8.11

Additionally, in regard to the Comparative Example 7, a reduction in thecomposition weight was observed when comparing before staining and afterstaining, and elution of L-lysine monohydrochloride and the protectiveagent from the composition had occurred. From the above-describedresults, it was confirmed that the feed additive composition forruminants of the present invention had a high water repellency at 40°C., and the rumen bypass property of the feed additive composition forruminants was superior to that of the white granules and ComparativeExample 7. Furthermore, the water repellency of the feed additivecomposition for ruminants of the present invention could be furtherenhanced by a heating treatment, so that the rumen bypass property couldbe improved.

Test Example

According to the method described in Example 1, 100 g of threecomponents including finely pulverized L-lysine monohydrochloride forfeed (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) having an average particlesize of 75 μm, soybean lecithin (manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.),and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (melting point 67° C.; manufacturedby Yokozeki Oil & Fat Corp.) was weighed in a beaker at the ratio ofpercentage by weight shown in Table 6, and the mixture was heated to 80°C. while sufficiently mixing to obtain a molten slurry of L-lysinemonohydrochloride. Then, under the conditions described in Example 1,dispersion of the molten slurry by means of a multi-hole shooter,conversion into liquid droplets, and solidification by cooling in waterwere carried out to prepare feed additive compositions for ruminants 1to 7 and a comparison composition 8. In addition, since the heatedmolten product of the comparison composition 8 was highly viscous sothat liquid droplets from the multi-hole shooter were not formed, agranulated composition was prepared by collecting the heated moltenproduct in small amounts with a microspatula and immediately immersingthem into water to solidify.

2.00 g of each of the compositions was weighed in a 50-ml conical tubemanufactured by Falcon, Inc., and 10.0 g of an artificial rumen juicewas added thereto. The tube was tightly stoppered and laid horizontally,and the tube was shaken in an oscillating shaker at 40° C. for 20 hours.The contents of L-lysine monohydrochloride in the aqueous solutionbefore and after the shaking were analyzed, and thus the elution rate ofL-lysine monohydrochloride per unit time was calculated. The results arepresented in Table 6 and FIG. 2.

TABLE 6 Raw material composition (wt %) Fully L-Lysine hydrogenatedElution rate Ratio of elution Test No. Lecithin monohydrochloridesoybean oil of lysine %/h rate of lysine 1 0.05 54 45.95 8.5 1/1.5 2 0.154 45.9 4.1 1/3.2 3 1 54 45 2.2 1/6.0 4 2 54 44 2.3 1/5.7 5 4 54 42 5.91/2.2 6 5 54 41 11.9 1/1.1 7 6 54 40 30.1 2.3 8 0 54 46 13.1 1

As shown in Table 6 and FIG. 2, it was confirmed that elution ofL-lysine monohydrochloride from the composition in the rumen juice canbe suppressed by the addition of lecithin. The effect of suppressing theelution of L-lysine monohydrochloride was noticeable with an additionalamount of lecithin of about 5% by weight or less, and particularly 1 to5% by weight. In addition, when lecithin is contained in the rawmaterials in an amount of 6% by weight or more, the elution rate oflysine can also be increased in comparison to the composition having nolecithin added.

Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints areincluded. Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit orrange are specifically included as if explicitly written out.

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is thereforeto be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

All patents and other references mentioned above are incorporated infull herein by this reference, the same as if set forth at length.

1. A feed additive composition, comprising: at least one protectiveagent selected from a hardened vegetable oil and a hardened animal oilhaving a melting point higher than 50° C. and lower than 90° C.; 0.05 to6% by weight of lecithin; 40% to 65% by weight of at least one basicamino acid; and water.
 2. The feed additive composition according toclaim 1, which comprises water in an amount of 0.01 to 6% by weight. 3.The feed additive composition according to claim 1, which compriseswater in an amount of 2 to 6% by weight.
 4. The feed additivecomposition according to claim 1, which comprises at least one memberselected from the group consisting of L-lysine, a salt of L-lysine,L-arginine, a salt of L-arginine, L-ornithine, a salt of L-ornithine,and mixtures thereof.
 5. The feed additive composition according toclaim 1, wherein the difference in redness (Δt) is 3 to 6 when granulesof said feed additive composition are immersed in a 75% aqueous solutionof ethanol containing 0.1% of Food Colorant No. 102, at 40° C. for 45minutes.
 6. The feed additive composition according to claim 1, whereinthe average particle size of said basic amino acid is 100 μm or less. 7.A method of producing a feed additive composition, comprising: (i)preparing a molten mixture formed from at least one protective agentselected from a hardened vegetable oil and a hardened animal oil havinga melting point higher than 50° C. and lower than 90° C., lecithin andat least one basic amino acid; and (ii) obtaining a solidified mixtureby immersing said molten mixture into water.
 8. The method of producinga feed additive composition according to claim 7, wherein said preparinga molten mixture comprises preparing a molten mixture through heatingand melting using an extruder, and said obtaining a solidified mixturecomprises obtaining a solidified mixture by allowing said molten mixturewhich is retained in a multi-hole shooter having a plurality of holes atthe vessel bottom to fall through said plurality of holes to be immersedinto an aqueous liquid.
 9. The method of producing a feed additivecomposition according to claim 8, wherein the distance from saidmulti-hole shooter to said aqueous liquid is 5 cm or more and less than150 cm.
 10. The method of producing a feed additive compositionaccording to claim 7, wherein said molten mixture comprises at least onemember selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, a salt ofL-lysine, L-arginine, a salt of L-arginine, L-orhithine, a salt ofL-ornithine, and mixtures thereof.
 11. The method of producing a feedadditive composition according to claim 7, wherein the average particlesize of said basic amino acid is 100 μm or less.
 12. The method ofproducing a feed additive composition according to claim 7, furthercomprising heat treating said solidified mixture.
 13. A process forraising a ruminant, comprising: feeding a ruminant a feed additivecomposition according to claim
 1. 14. A process for making meat,comprising: feeding a ruminant a feed additive composition according toclaim 1; and harvesting meat from said ruminant.
 15. A process formaking milk, comprising: feeding a ruminant a feed additive compositionaccording to claim 1; and harvesting milk from said ruminant.
 16. Aprocess for making a dairy product, comprising: feeding a ruminant afeed additive composition according to claim 1; harvesting milk fromsaid ruminant; and converting said milk into said dairy product.
 17. Aprocess for making wool, comprising: feeding a ruminant a feed additivecomposition according to claim 1; and harvesting wool from saidruminant.
 18. A process for making leather, comprising: feeding aruminant a feed additive composition according to claim 1; harvestingskin from said ruminant; and converting said skin into said leather.